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- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Süt İneklerinde Reprodüktif Performans Parametreleri
Etkili bir reprodüktif yönetim yeterli ve doğru şekilde kayıt tutmayı, verilerin güvenilir şekilde analiz ve yorumlanmasını gerektirir. İşletme büyüklüğünün artması kayıt tutmayı kolaylaştıran, güçlü fertilite izleme raporları oluşturabilen ve hızlı analiz yapmaya izin veren bilgisayar alt yapılı sürü yönetim sistemlerinin geliştirilmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu sistemler, performans standartlarının oluşturulması ve müdahale düzeylerinin belirlenmesine izin veren güçlü veritabanı oluşturulması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Ancak veri kalitesi ve göstergelerin nasıl hesaplandığının farkında olmayı ve dikkatle yorumlamayı gerektirmektedir. Sistemlerdeki farklılıklar reprodüktif performans hedefleri, hesaplanması ve yorumlarında güçlükler oluşturmaktadır. Farklı fertilite performans ölçümlerinin önemini kavramak ve reprodüktif performansın değerlendirilmesinde sürü için en ilgili ve anlamlı olanlarını kesintisiz kullanmak gerekir. Sunulan bu derlemede genellikle büyük sürülerde reprodüktif performansın değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan klasik ve yeni bazı parametreler ve önemi tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Süt İneklerinde Östrüs Tespiti, Arz Oranı ve Artırma Yöntemleri
Östrüs tespiti sütçü ineklerde reprodüktif performansı etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Birçok sürüde östrüs tespit oranı %50’den aşağıdadır. Bazı düve veya ineklerde değişik sebeplerden dolayı özellikle süt verimi arttıkça östrüssüresi kısalmaktadır. Östrüste olan ineklertespit edilemez ise zamanında suni tohumlama uygulamak bir problem halini alır ve gebe bırakılamaz. Östrüs tespitini değerlendirmede kullanışlı bir kriter doğumdan sonra ilk gözlenen östrüstür. Yalnız başına östrüs tespit oranı değerlendirilmesi doğru sonuç vermeyebilir. Sürüdeki ineklerin östrüs tespitinin etkinliği en iyi arz oranı ile hesaplanır. Bu, gönüllü bekleme süresinden sonraki belirli bir dönem içerisinde (18-24 gün) tohumlanan ineklerin, tohumlamaya uygun ineklere oranıdır. Arz Oranı hesaplanması ve arz oranını arttıran ön senkronizasyon protokolleri sayesinde doğum-ilk tohumlama aralığı uzamadan inekler zamanında tohumlanarak, yüksek gebelik oranı elde edilerek yılda bir yavru hedefine daha kolay ulaşılır. Bu derlemede Arz oranı ve Arz Oranını arttıran ön senkronizasyon yöntemlerinden olan Presynch, Doubleovsynch, G-6-G, PG-3-G ve Doublesynch protokolleri incelenmektedir
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Comparison of the effects of two pre-synchronization protocols (G6G and PG-3-G) on some reproductive performance parameters in Holstein cows
Aim: The present study was aimed to determine effects of G6G and PG-3-G presynchronization protocols on some reproductive parameters in Holstein cows between postpartum 28-40 days. Materials and Methods: Cows in the G6G group (n=35) were treated with PGF2α on day (d) 0, GnRH on days 2 and 8, and PGF2α on day 15. The injection of last GnRH was applied 56 hours after the second PGF2α injection and then timed artifical insemination (TAI) was performed 16-18 hours later. Cows in the PG-3-G group (n=35) were treated with PGF2α on day 0, GnRH on day 3 and 10, and PGF2α on day 17. The injection of last GnRH and TAI were applied as they were done for G6G group. Results: There were no statistical differences between the G6G and PG-3-G groups in terms of submission rate (100% and 100%), the first-service pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) (42.9% and 51.4%), calving to first insemination interval (53.5 and 54.0 d), calving to conception interval (54.1 and 53.7 d), calving interval (334.1 and 333.7 d) were determined. When the data analyzed according to the protocol at the beginning of cows to be “cyclic” and “noncyclic”, P/AI were found to be 64.7% and 41.5%, respectively. The difference between the groups was tended to be significant (p=0.098). Conclusion: Start of presynchronization protocols in the early postpartum period, provides 100% SR after the voluntary waiting period. It is clearly shown that the presynchronization protocols reduces the calving interval less than 400 days. Time and labor cost could be saved as there would be no needs for oestrus
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
The effect of double-dose GnRH injections on reproductive performance parameters following short-term progestagen administration in lactated Awassi ewes during the non-breeding season
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of double-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection on the induction of oestrus and some reproductive performance parameters in Awassi ewes during the non-breeding season. In the study, 100 ewes were treated with a vaginal sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days in the anoestrus (day 0). PMSG 500 IU and 250 μg cloprostenol sodium were injected on the day of removal of the sponge (day 7). Ewes in Group 1 (n = 31) were not subjected to any hormonal treatment. Ewes in Group 2 (n = 31) were given 50 μg GnRH 48th hour after removal of the sponge. Ewes in Group 3 (n = 33) were given 50 μg GnRH 48th hour after the removal of the sponge and 50 μg GnRH 12th day after post-mating. The results obtained in the study showed that there were no statistical differences between the Groups 1, 2 and 3 in terms of oestrus rates (82.8%, 68.9%, 72.7%), conception rates (66.7%, 55.0%, 54.2%), multiple pregnancy rates (28.5%, 50.0%, 30.7%) and litter sizes (1.28, 1.50, 1.31). No significant increases in P4 concentration were observed in Group 3 treated with GnRH at the 12th day after post-mating; however, a numerically lower (p > 0.05) late embryonic-early fetal mortality rate was observed in Group 3 (0%), when compared with the values obtained in Group 1 (12.5%) and Group 2 (9.1%). In conclusion, after short-term progestagen administration during the non-breeding season, double-dose GnRH injections did not increase P4 concentration and had no significant differences on reproductive performance parameters among groups
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Effect of immunomodulator usage on vaginal discharge score and conception rate in ewes synchronized with short-term progestagen and PMSG during the non-breeding season
One of the most commonly used oestrus stimulation protocols in ewes outside the breeding season is the combination of short-term progestagen and PMSG. Immunosuppression caused by progestagens and the startling effect of intravaginal sponges can cause varying degrees of inflammation in the vagina. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of immunomodulator addition to the protocol on vaginal discharge score and conception rate in anestrous synchronized ewes. In the study, 60 anestrous ewes were used. The ewes were divided into two equal groups, 10 mg Corynebacterium cutis lysate was applied to the experimental group (CCL), and a progestagen-containing vaginal sponge was applied for 7 days. On the seventh day, sponges were removed and 500 IU PMSG injection was applied. In control group (Control), only synchronization protocol was applied. As soon as the sponges were removed, the vaginal discharge scores were determined. Ewes were hand-mated in estrus. Pregnancy examination was performed and conception rates were determined for each group. While there was no difference in the estrus rates (96.6%, 93.1%; P>0.05) and vaginal discharge scores (1.20, 1.53; P>0.05), it was determined a difference in the conception rates (79.3%, 50.0%, P=0.011) in CCL and Control groups. Although it was determined that the conception rate increased as the vaginal discharge scores decreased, it was found that there was no relationship between vaginal discharge score and conception rate (P>0.05). According to results of the study, it was concluded that the addition of immunomodulator to protocol was not effective on the estrus rate and vaginal discharge scores in ewes outside the breeding season, but a significant increase was found in the conception rate.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
The effect of carprofen treatment on reproductive parameters following progestagen administration in lactating German Fawn × Hair crossbred goats during the transitional period
The aim of this study was determine the effects of carprofen treatment on some reproductive parameters in German Fawn (75%) × Hair (25%) Crossbred goats during the transitional period. The 60 adult goats were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing progestagen (60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate, Esponjavet® , Hipra, Spain) for 17 days in the transitional period (June) (day -18). Two days before the sponge removal (day -3) all animals received 12.5 mg dinoprost tromethamine (Dinolytic High Concentration® , Zoetis, Spain) intramuscularly, while PMSG 400 IU (Oviser® , Hipra, Spain) was administered intramuscularly on the day of removal of the sponge (day -1). Goats in estrus were mated with a proven bucks (all goats:buck ratio of 7:1). Then animals were randomly divided into two groups. Goats in Control Group (n = 30) were not administered any nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Goats in Carprofen Group (n = 30) were given 1.4 mg/kg carprofen (Rimadyl XL® , Zoetis, Germany) on day 14 post mating (day of estrus = day 0). Pregnancies were determined with transabdominal real time B Mod ultrasonography (Hitachi EUB – 405) with convex prob (3.5 MHz) on day 40-42 post-mating. All goats showed estrus and estrus rate was 100% in all goats. The results showed that there were no statistical differences between the Control Group and Carprofen Group in pregnancy rates (90% and 93.3%), kidding rates (100% and 100%), multiple birth rates (66.6% and 78.5%) and litter sizes (2.03 and 2.32). The serum progesterone concentration on day 16 post mating of Carprofen Group (9.36 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of Control Group (7.96 ng/ml) (p ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that, after long term (17 day) progesterone administration during the transitional period, carprofen treatment increased P4 concentration but the increased P4 concentrations did not have a remarkable effect on the pregnancy rate.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Post‐mating diclofenac vs. carprofen treatment on serum progesterone levels and reproductive outcomes in Hungarian‐Merino ewes during the non‐breeding season
The maternal recognition process is crucial for the establishment of healthy pregnancy. In this process, anti-luteolytic applications are one of the main reproductive strategies to manage the embryonic losses and maximize reproductive profitability in farm animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of post-mating NSAID treatments on reproductive parameters (pregnancy rate, lambing rate, multiple birth rate, litter size) and serum progesterone levels in ewes stimulated with progesterone non-breeding season. For this purpose, two different experiments (diclofenac and carprofen) were conducted in the same ewe flock induced with shortterm progestogen-based protocol in the non-breeding season for two consecutive years. In experiment 1 (n = 85), 42 ewes were injected with 2.5 mg/kg diclofenac on the 9th and 10th days post-mating, and the rest were not treated and served as control. In experiment 2 (n = 82), 40 ewes were injected with 1.4 mg/kg carprofen on the 9th days post-mating, and the rest were not treated as control. In both experiments, blood samples were collected from all ewes on days 9, 12 and 13 post-mating to measure serum progesterone levels. In both experiments, there were no differences both reproductive parameters and serum progesterone levels when compared to the control groups. It was concluded that post-mating diclofenac and carprofen treatments in the critical period have no significant effects on both reproductive parameters and serum progesterone levels in ewes in the non-breeding season.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
Mefepronic acid, a PPAR agonist, is inefficient on reproductive performance of ewes in both early and late postpartum period
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes. In farm animals, supporting the liver reduces postpartum metabolic diseases and loss of reproductive and milk yield in the transition period. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of mefepronic acid (2-methyl-2-phenoxy propionic acid) injection on reproductive performance parameters with short-term progesterone administration in early and late postpartum period Hungarian Merino ewes during the non-breeding season. In the study, 89 adult ewes in the early (n=45) and late (n=44) postpartum (pp) period were used in the study. Control and treatment (MA) groups were formed separately for each pp period. Following insertion of a vaginal sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days, PMSG 500 IU was injected intramuscularly (day 7) to all ewes. In treatment groups (Early MA and Late MA), 10 mg/kg mefepronic acid (Hepagen®, Fatro Günesli) was injected (day 7), and remaining ewes consisted of control groups (Early Control and Late Control). The estrus signs of the ewes were followed and they were handmated (ewe: ram=5:1). Pregnancies were determined with transabdominal real time B-Mode ultrasonography with convex probe (3.5 MHz) on day 45 post-mating. There were no statistical differences in estrus rate, pregnancy rate, lambing rate and litter size at 1st service, 2nd service and overall services in early and late pp groups. According to results of this study, administration of mefepronic acid to ewes in the early and late pp period had no increasing effect on reproductive parameters. However, further studies investigating the survival of embryos and prostaglandin metabolism are needed to determine the efficacy of mefepronic acid in ewes.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
The Effects of Different Doses of eCG Injection on Reproductive Parameters in Nulliparous Merino Ewes During the Non- Breeding Season
In this study, the effects of adding 400, 500, and 600 IU eCG to progesterone treatment on rate of estrus, conception, pregnancy, fetal mortality, lambing, multiple birth and litter size in nulliparous Merino ewes the out of breeding season were investigated. A total of 90 nulliparous Merino ewes were utilized in the study. On day 0, a vaginal sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate was inserted for a seven-day period. Ewes were randomly divided into three groups at the time of sponge removal. Group I (G-400), comprising 30 ewes, received 400 IU of eCG. Group II (G-500) received 500 IU of eCG (n=30), while Group III (G-600) received 600 IU of eCG (n=30). The statistical analysis revealed that the conception rates between the groups were statistically higher in the G-600 group than in the G-400 and G-500 groups (G-400 vs. G-600, P=0.091; G-500 vs. G-600, P=0.080). Pregnancy rates between the groups were found to be statistically higher in the G-600 group than in the G-400 group (P<0.021). The administration of a high dose of eCG (600 IU) in conjunction with progesterone synchronization yielded favorable outcomes with respect to reproductive parameters, particularly an elevated conception and pregnancy rates.
- 3 Kasım 2025
- By Doç. Dr. Metehan KUTLU
The relationship of anogenital distance with fertility and anti-müllerian hormone in Awassi and Cukurova meat ewes
The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of anogenital distance (AGD) with fertility and the serum concentrations of estrogen and anti-müllerian hormone in Awassi and Cukurova meat ewes. Fifty five Cukurova meat ewes and 46 Awassi ewes were used in the study. Before sponge insertion, AGD of all ewes were measured with a digital caliper. For each breed, they were divided into two AGD categories: short AGD group and long AGD group. A sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate was applied intravaginally on day 0, and remained in situ for 12 days. On the 12th day, sponges were removed and eCG (500 IU per ewe) was administered intramuscularly. Blood samples were collected from all ewes on day 0 and at the onset of estrus. Estrous rate, conception rate, pregnancy rate, lambing rate, multiple birth rate, litter size and male rate were calculated in all groups and breeds. No significant difference were detected in the parameters between the groups (P>0.05). It is stated that AGD was found not to affect AMH or estrogen levels (P>0.05); however linear regression showed a positive correlation (P=0.03) between AGD and estrogen on the day of estrus in the Awassi ewes. It is stated that AGD is not associated with fertility in Awassi and Cukurova meat ewes, but there is a relationship between AGD and estrogen level in Awassi ewes
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